The words we use matter.
Language is always changing, and it can sometimes be difficult to know the best terms to use when referring to someone with a disability. In fact, did you know even the word “disability” is not universally accepted?
The simple fact is this: No one wants to be called something that makes them feel uncomfortable or inferior. It’s important to be aware of the terms we’re using, particularly when we’re:
- Talking to someone with a disability.
- Referring to them in conversation.
- Describing them in writing.
Consider helpful resources:
This style guide covers dozens of words and terms commonly used when referring to disability and was developed for communications professionals by the National Center on Disability and Journalism at Arizona State University’s Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication. We’ll highlight some helpful tips and use cases below.
1. People with disabilities are not a monolith.
This may be the most important thing for folks to remember. While many terms are more accepted by modern society, that doesn’t mean everyone is on board with the terminology. If needed, respectfully ask someone how they would like to be described and then honor their wishes.
2. Refer to a disability only when it’s absolutely relevant.
Ask yourself: Could I describe this person in a way that doesn’t highlight their disability? In most cases, you probably can.
3. Avoid descriptions that imply pity.
Disability does not equal suffering! Terms like “afflicted with,” “suffers from” or “victim of” carry the assumption that a person with a disability has a reduced quality of life. Use neutral language when describing a person who has a disability, simply stating the facts. For example: “He has muscular dystrophy.”
4. Caregiver vs. caretaker.
While “caregiver” and “caretaker” often are used interchangeably, they have different meanings. A caregiver is an individual who provides direct care to people with disabilities and others. Think of it like this: You take care of property; you give care to people.
5. “High-functioning” and “low-functioning.”
These are terms used to describe ability levels for people with a variety of conditions. Many people with intellectual disabilities and their advocates consider these terms to be dismissive or reductive of a person’s abilities. Instead, describe an individual’s abilities and challenges, rather than using less-specific labels.
6. Identity-first language vs. people-first language.
There is no consensus on this, which makes it tricky to use in practice. With identity-first language, the disability is mentioned first. For example, “Down syndrome girl” or “autistic boy.” An example of people-first language is “a girl with Down syndrome” or “a boy with autism.” Regarding most disabilities, people-first language is preferred. In some cases—most notably in the Deaf community and among autistic people—identity-first language is preferred. It’s best to ask the person with the disability how they would like to be described.
7. Describing people without disabilities.
“Non-disabled” refers to someone who does not have a disability. According to the University of Kansas Research & Training Center on Independent Living, non-disabled is the preferred term when comparing people with and without disabilities. Use “non-disabled” or “people without disabilities” instead of terms like “healthy,” “able-bodied,” or “normal.”
8. People who use mobility equipment.
People who use a wheelchair, scooter or cane consider the equipment part of their personal space. It is acceptable to describe a person as “someone who uses a wheelchair,” but avoid “confined to a wheelchair” or “wheelchair-bound.” The terms are misleading and inaccurate as wheelchairs can liberate people, allowing them to move about.